Editing Canada (section)

==Culture==
{{Main|Culture of Canada}}
{{see also|Canadian art|Music of Canada|Sports in Canada|National symbols of Canada}}
Canada has a diverse makeup of nationalities and cultures, and has constitutional protection for policies that promote [[multiculturalism]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.parl.gc.ca/Content/LOP/ResearchPublications/prb0920-e.pdf|title=Canadian Multiculturalism|publisher=Library of Parliament|date=September 15, 2009|accessdate=2011-09-10|pages=1–7}}</ref> In Quebec, cultural identity is strong, and many French-speaking commentators speak of a [[culture of Quebec]] as distinguished from English Canadian culture;<ref>{{cite book|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=NtvKidOH9pgC&pg=PA61|page=61|title=Political culture and constitutionalism: a comparative approach|first1=Daniel P|last1=Franklin|first2=Michael J|last2=Baun|publisher=Sharpe|year=1995|isbn=1563244160}}</ref> however, as a whole Canada is a [[cultural mosaic]] – a collection of several regional, aboriginal, and ethnic subcultures.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Garcea|first=Joseph|coauthors=Kirova, Anna; Wong, Lloyd|title=Multiculturalism Discourses in Canada|journal=Canadian Ethnic Studies|date=January 2009|volume=40|issue=1|pages=1–10|doi=10.1353/ces.0.0069}}</ref> Government policies such as [[Health care in Canada|publicly-funded health care]], [[Income taxes in Canada|higher taxation]] to [[Canadian federal budget|distribute wealth]], outlawing [[Capital punishment in Canada|capital punishment]], strong efforts to eliminate [[poverty in Canada|poverty]], an emphasis on multiculturalism, stricter [[Gun politics in Canada|gun control]], and legalization of [[Same-sex marriage in Canada|same-sex marriage]] are social indicators of how Canada's political and cultural evolution differs from that of the United States.<ref>{{cite book
|first1 =Darrell | last1 =Bricker |first2= John |last2 =Wright
|title =What Canadians think about almost everything
|publisher =Doubleday Canada
|year =2005
|isbn =0385659857
|pages=8–23}}</ref>
[[File:Raven-and-the-first-men.jpg|thumb|left|[[Bill Reid]]'s sculpture ''Raven and The First Men''. The Raven is a figure common to many mythologies in aboriginal culture.]]
Historically Canada has been influenced by [[British culture|British]], [[French culture|French]], and aboriginal cultures and traditions. Through their culture, language, [[Native American art|art]] and [[First Nations music|music]], aboriginals continue to influence the [[Canadian identity]].<ref>{{cite book|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=GkAuYRVjlE8C&pg=PA3|pages=3–6|title=Aboriginal peoples of Canada: a short introduction|first=Paul R|last= Magocsi|publisher= University of Toronto Press|year=2002|isbn=0802036309}}</ref> Many Canadians value multiculturalism and see Canada as being inherently multicultural.<ref name="bickerton" />  American media and entertainment are popular, if not dominant, in English Canada; conversely, many Canadian cultural products and entertainers are successful in the United States and worldwide.<ref>{{cite web |first=John D |last=Blackwell |url=http://www.iccs-ciec.ca/blackwell.html#culture |title=Culture High and Low |year=2005 |accessdate=2006-03-15 |publisher=International Council for Canadian Studies World Wide Web Service}}</ref> Many cultural products are marketed toward a unified "North American" or global market. The creation and preservation of distinctly Canadian culture are supported by federal government programs, laws, and institutions such as the [[Canadian Broadcasting Corporation]] (CBC), the [[National Film Board of Canada]], and the [[Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission]].<ref>{{cite web |publisher=National Film Board of Canada |url=http://www.onf.ca/medias/download/documents/pdf/NFB_STRATEGIC_PLAN.pdf |title=Mandate of the National Film Board |year=2005|accessdate=2009-10-20}}</ref>

[[File:Jackpine.jpeg|thumb|alt=Oil on canvas painting of a tree dominating its rocky landscape during a sunset.|''[[Jack Pine (painting)|The Jack Pine]]'', by [[Tom Thomson]], 1916; oil on canvas, in the collection of the [[National Gallery of Canada]]]]

Canadian visual art has been dominated by [[Tom Thomson]]&nbsp;– Canada's most famous painter&nbsp;– and by the [[Group of Seven (artists)|Group of Seven]]. Thomson's brief career painting Canadian landscapes spanned just a decade up to his death in 1917 at age 39.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Brock|first=Richard|title=Envoicing Silent Objects: Art and Literature at the Site of the Canadian Landscape|journal=Canadian Journal of Environmental Education|year=2008|volume=13|issue=2|pages=50–61}}</ref> The Group were painters with a nationalistic and idealistic focus, who first exhibited their distinctive works in May 1920. Though referred to as having seven members, five artists&nbsp;– [[Lawren Harris]], [[A. Y. Jackson]], [[Arthur Lismer]], [[J. E. H. MacDonald]], and [[Frederick Varley]]&nbsp;– were responsible for articulating the Group's ideas. They were joined briefly by [[Frank Johnston (artist)|Frank Johnston]], and by commercial artist [[Franklin Carmichael]]. [[A. J. Casson]] became part of the Group in 1926.<ref>{{cite book|last=Hill|first=Charles C|title=The Group of Seven&nbsp;– Art for a Nation|publisher=National Gallery of Canada|year=1995|pages=15–21, 195|isbn=077106716X}}</ref> Associated with the Group was another prominent Canadian artist, [[Emily Carr]], known for her landscapes and portrayals of the [[indigenous peoples of the Pacific Northwest Coast]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Newlands|first=Anne|title=Emily Carr|publisher=Firefly Books|year=1996|pages=8–9|isbn=1552090469}}</ref>

The Canadian music industry has produced internationally renowned [[List of Canadian composers|composers]], [[List of Canadian musicians|musicians]] and [[List of bands from Canada|ensembles]].<ref>{{cite book|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=vtDhVXAkpxcC&pg=PA95|title=The cultural industries in Canada: problems, policies and prospects|first= Michael |last=Dorland|page=95|publisher=J. Lorimer|year=1996|isbn=1550284940}}</ref> Canada's music broadcasting is regulated by the Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission (CRTC). The [[Canadian Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences]] administers Canada's music industry awards, the [[Juno Award]]s, which commenced in 1970.<ref>{{cite book|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=IxVuSFLo8fAC&pg=PA127|page=127|title=Canadian content, culture and the quest for nationhood|first=Ryan |last=Edwardson|publisher=University of Toronto Press|year=2008|isbn=9780802097590}}</ref> The national anthem of Canada ''[[O Canada]]'' adopted in 1980, was originally commissioned by the [[Lieutenant Governor of Quebec]], the Honourable [[Théodore Robitaille]], for the 1880 [[Fête nationale du Québec|St. Jean-Baptiste Day]] ceremony.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.com/index.cfm?PgNm=TCE&Params=U1ARTU0002611|title='O Canada' |publisher=Historica-Dominion |accessdate=2009-10-28 }}</ref> [[Calixa Lavallée]] wrote the music, which was a setting of a patriotic poem composed by the poet and judge Sir [[Adolphe-Basile Routhier]]. The text was originally only in French, before it was translated to English in 1906.<ref>{{cite web
 |title=Hymne national du Canada
 |publisher=Canadian Heritage
 |date=June 23, 2008
 |url=http://www.pch.gc.ca/pgm/ceem-cced/symbl/anthem-fra.cfm
 |accessdate=2008-06-26}}
</ref>

[[File:Canada2010WinterOlympicsOTcelebration.jpg|left|thumb|alt=Hockey players and fans celebrating|A scene at the [[2010 Winter Olympics]] in Vancouver seconds after [[Canada men's national ice hockey team|Team Canada]] won gold in men's [[ice hockey]]]]

Canada's official national sports are [[ice hockey]] and [[lacrosse]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Wieting|first=Stephen G|title=Sport and memory in North America|publisher=Frank Cass|year=2001|page=4|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=dvWqyW9lmXsC&pg=PA4|isbn=0714682055}}</ref> Hockey is a [[national sport|national pastime]] and the most popular spectator sport in the country. It is also the sport most played by Canadians, with 1.65&nbsp;million participants in 2004. Seven of Canada's eight largest metropolitan areas – Toronto, Montreal, Vancouver, Ottawa, Calgary, Edmonton and Winnipeg – have franchises in the [[National Hockey League]] (NHL), and there are more Canadian players in the NHL than from all other countries combined. Other popular spectator sports include [[curling]] and [[Canadian football|football]]; the latter is played professionally in the [[Canadian Football League]] (CFL). [[Golf]], [[baseball]], [[skiing]], [[Soccer in Canada|soccer]], [[cricket]], [[volleyball]], and [[basketball]] are widely played at youth and amateur levels, but professional leagues and franchises are not widespread.<ref name = "sports">{{cite web | author = [[Conference Board of Canada]] | year = 2004 | month = December | url = http://www.pch.gc.ca/progs/sc/pubs/socio-eco/tab2_tab_e.cfm | title = Survey: Most Popular Sports, by Type of Participation, Adult Population | publisher = Sport Canada | work = Strengthening Canada: The Socio-economic Benefits of Sport Participation in Canada – Report August 2005 | accessdate=2006-07-01}}</ref>

Canada has hosted several high-profile international sporting events, including the [[1976 Summer Olympics]] in Montreal, the [[1988 Winter Olympics]] in Calgary, and the [[2007 FIFA U-20 World Cup]]. Canada was the host nation for the [[2010 Winter Olympics]] in [[Vancouver]] and [[Whistler, British Columbia]].<ref>{{cite web | publisher =The Vancouver Organizing Committee for the 2010 Olympic and Paralympic Winter Games | url = http://www.vancouver2010.com/ | title = Vancouver 2010 | year = 2009 | accessdate=2009-10-20}}</ref>

Canada's national symbols are influenced by natural, historical, and Aboriginal sources. The use of the [[maple leaf]] as a Canadian symbol dates to the early 18th century. The maple leaf is depicted on Canada's [[Flag of Canada|current]] and [[Canadian Red Ensign|previous flags]], on the [[penny (Canadian coin)|penny]], and on the [[Arms of Canada]].<ref name="symbol1">{{cite book | author=Canadian Heritage | title=Symbols of Canada | year=2002 | isbn=0660186152 | publisher=Canadian Government Publishing}}</ref> Other prominent symbols include the [[beaver]], [[Canada Goose]], [[Great Northern Loon|Common Loon]], the Crown, the Royal Canadian Mounted Police,<ref name="symbol1"/> and more recently, the [[totem pole]] and [[Inuksuk]].<ref>{{cite journal|last=Ruhl|first=Jeffrey|date=January 2008|title=Inukshuk Rising|journal=Canadian Journal of Globalization|volume=1|issue=1|pages=25–30}}</ref>