Aparai

The Aparai and the Wayana are indigenous groups of people who live across the frontier between Brazil (state of Parà, near the Paru river, and state of Amapà), Suriname, and French Guyana (near the Maroni river). In Brazil, they have lived together for at least a century. References to this population as a single group are scarce, and the internal differences may be attested on the basis of distinct cultural traits. According to Funasa, there were a total of 317 people in the group as of 2006.

Today, the composition of the Aparai and Wayana is the result of the integration of several other indigenous groups, starting from the 18th Century. The Wayana assimilated the Upurui, Kukuyana, Opagwana and Kumarawana, among others; the Aparai incorporated the Apama, Pirixiyana and Arakaju tribes. They recognize this ancestral diversity and consider certain individuals to be of "pure" heritage, but in general the Aparai and Wayana emphasize the fact that their tribe is completely "mixed". These people are also called Apalai, Apalay, Appirois, Aparathy, and Apareilles.

Language

People near the Paru river speak different languages, and every adult person speaks at least two or three languages, mostly Aparai, Wayana, Tiriyó and in some cases Wajãpi and Aluku. Portuguese is also spoken since it is the official national language. The distribution of speakers and the usage of each language are uneven.

The Aparai language is preferred to others in a discussion between individuals belonging to distinct groups. Literacy teaching of this population is done in Portuguese and Aparai, the latter being used for books and religious services. While the Aparai language is predominant in these communities, over the last decade the Wayana language has gained prestige among the younger generations, because it is used in communication with Wayana and Tiriyó peoples who live past the borders with Suriname and French Guyana.

Location and history

According to historical sources and their reports, the Aparai and Wayana people have different origins. The Aparai originally lived near the south bank of the Amazon River, and then migrated to the region of the lower and middle courses of the Curuá, Maicuru, Jari and East Paru rivers, and from there to the area they presently inhabit. The Wayana have lived for a long time near the upper and middle course of the East Paru River, its tributary, the Citaré, the upper Jarí River, Paloemeu rivers and various tributaries.

In the 16th Century, the Aparai lived near the right bank of the Amazon River, to the south, and, to the southwest, the region where the cities of Macapá and Belém are located today. Other groups, which were later assimilated, lived not very far from the Amazon River, in the region of the lower East Paru and Jarí rivers.

At the end of the 17th Century, the Aparai were supposed to have relations with the Apama and Aracaju, who possibly spoke a Tupi language. A small Apama group is supposed to have remained isolated in the region of Maicuru, until the 1960s, and maintained relations of trade and inter-marriage with the Aparai.

In the 1950s the Aparai were still found on the East Paru, Jari, Maicuru and upper Curuá rivers of Alenquer, and the Wayana lived in the middle and upper courses of the East Paru and Jarí rivers, beyond the Litani river in French Guyana, and the Paloemeu river in Suriname. In 1984 there was only one Aparai village which was situated near the confluence of the Jari and Ipitinga rivers.

Today, the Aparai and Wayana live in in three territorial groups defined by the coordinates of the East Paru River in Brazil; the Maroni River in French Guyana; and the Tapanahoni River in Suriname. The majority of the Aparai lives in Brazilian territory, while a good portion of the Wayana also live in various villages in Suriname and French Guyana. The distribution into three distinct territorial groups is the result of their contact with non-Indians and other indigenous people.

In Brazil they live in about sixteen villages, and all of them are situated on the East Paru River, inside the Tumucumaque Indigenous Park and East Paru Indigenous Land. These two contiguous indigenous areas cover about 4,266,852 hectares in norther Pará, comprising the homelands of various ethnic groups, such as Tiriyó, Kaxuyana, Akuriyó and Wajãpi, among others. The Tumucumaque Indigenous Park and the East Paru Indigenous Land were demarcated and homologated on 4 November 1997, by a decree published in the Official Diary of the Union.

External links

• Aparai on socioambiental.org, in English