List of largest stars

From Encyc
List of the largest known stars in the Milky WayTemplate:Efn
Star name Solar radii
(Sun = 1) 		MethodTemplate:Efn Notes
Orbit of Saturn 2,047–2,049.9[1]Template:Efn Reported for reference
UY Scuti 1,708±192[2] AD The radius of UY Sct is more extreme than what current stellar evolution models predict. One paper mentions this extremity, and the reason for it is not yet clear.[3]
V354 Cephei 1,520±304[4] L/Teff
The above radii are larger than what stellar evolution theory predicts, and are thus potentially unreliable
Theoretical limit of star size (Milky Way) ~1,500[4] This value comes from the rough average radii of the three largest stars studied in the paper. It is consistent with the largest possible stellar radii predicted from the current evolutionary theory, and it is believed that stars above this radius would be too unstable and simply do not form.[4]
Reported for reference
VY Canis Majoris 1,420±120[5] L/Teff & AD
KY Cygni 1,420±284(–2,850±570)[4] L/Teff
AH Scorpii 1,411±124[2] AD
Westerlund 1 W237 (Westerlund 1 BKS B) 1,241±70[6] L/Teff
BC Cygni 1,230.27[7]–1,140±228[4] L/Teff A more detailed but older study gives values of 1,081 Template:Solar radius (856–1,375) for the year 2000, and 1,303 Template:Solar radius (1,021–1,553) for the year 1900.[8]
IRC -10414 ~1,200[9] L/Teff
PZ Cassiopeiae 1,190±238(–1,940±388)[4] L/Teff
V1489 Cygni (NML Cygni) 1,183[10] L/Teff
GCIRS 7 1,170±60[11]–1,368[12] AD
Westerlund 1 W26 (Westerlund 1 BKS AS) 1,165±58–1,221±120[6] L/Teff
Orbit of Jupiter 1,114.5–1,115.8[1]Template:Efn Reported for reference
RT Carinae 1,090±218[4] L/Teff
V396 Centauri 1,070±214[4] L/Teff
CK Carinae 1,060±212[4] L/Teff
V602 Carinae 1,050±165[13] AD
VV Cephei A 1,050[14] AD
KW Sagittarii 1,009±142[2] AD
IX Carinae 920±184[4] L/Teff
CD Hydri 920[15] ?
AZ Cygni 911+57
−50[16] 		AD
NSV 25875 891[10] L/Teff
V437 Scuti 874[10] L/Teff
LL Pegasi 869[10] L/Teff
V669 Cassiopeiae 859[10] L/Teff
Westerlund 1 W20 (Westerlund 1 BKS D) 858±48[6] L/Teff
VX Sagittarii 853[10]-1,335±215[17] L/Teff
BI Cygni 851.14[7]–1,240±248[4] L/Teff
μ Cephei (Herschel's Garnet Star) 830[10]-972±228[18] AD
V1185 Scorpii 830[10] L/Teff
CW Leonis 826[10] L/Teff
LP Andromedae 815[10] L/Teff
RT Ophiuchi 801±217[19] AD
BO Carinae 790±158[4] L/Teff
S Persei 780±156(–1,230±246)[4] L/Teff
SU Persei 780±156[4] L/Teff
RS Persei 770±30[20] AD
V355 Cephei 770±154[4] L/Teff
Betelgeuse (α Orionis) 764+116
−62[21] 		? Tenth brightest star in the night sky.[22]
HD 303250 750±150[4] L/Teff
UU Pegasi 742±193[19] AD
Westerlund 1 W75 (Westerlund 1 BKS E) 722±36[6] L/Teff
V Camelopardalis 716±185[19] AD
V648 Cassiopeiae 710±142[4] L/Teff
V528 Carinae 700±140[4] L/Teff
V821 Herculis 686[10] L/Teff
Antares (α Scorpii) 680[23] AD Fourteenth brightest star in the night sky.[22]
RW Cygni 676.08[7]–980±196[4] L/Teff
HD 95687 674±109[13] AD
6 Geminorum (BU Geminorum) 670±134[4] L/Teff
V441 Persei 650±130[4] L/Teff
RR Aquilae 648±169[19] AD
TZ Cassiopeiae 645.65[7]–800±160[4] L/Teff
RW Leonis Minoris 641[10] L/Teff
3XMM J174347.4-292309 640[24] ?
V349 Carinae 640±128[4] L/Teff
R Hydrae 631[10] L/Teff
NO Aurigae 630±126[4] L/Teff
V1749 Cygni 620±124(–1,040±208)[4] L/Teff
TV Geminorum ~620–710[25] L/Teff
BU Persei 620±124[4] L/Teff
W Persei 620±124[4] L/Teff
R Sculptoris 617[10] L/Teff
NV Aurigae 615[10] L/Teff
V589 Cassiopeiae 610±122[4] L/Teff
U Arietis 610±125[26] - 801±205[19] AD
V Hydrae 609[10] L/Teff
X Pavonis 608[10] L/Teff
S Serpentis 601±159[19] AD
MZ Cassiopeiae 600±120[4] L/Teff
RR Persei 599±161[19] AD
V419 Cephei 590±118[4] L/Teff
V356 Cephei 590±118[4] L/Teff
119 Tauri (CE Tauri) 587±85–593±86[27] AD
4U 1954+31 586+188
−127[28] 		L/Teff
RS Virginis 577±155[19] AD
RU Herculis 572±147[19] AD
GU Cephei 570±114[4] L/Teff
R Leonis Minoris 569±146[19] AD
TX Camelopardalis 560[10] L/Teff
MM Virginis 554[15] ?
II Lupis 547[10] L/Teff
S Orionis 545±142[19] AD
Mira A (ο Ceti) 541[10] L/Teff
V361 Carinae 540±108[4] L/Teff
V1300 Aquilae 529[10] L/Teff
YZ Persei 524±175[29]–540±108[4] AD & L/Teff
V774 Cassiopeiae 520±104[4] L/Teff
WX Piscium 520[10] L/Teff
R Draconis 511±142[19] AD
T Persei 510±20[20] AD
V2099 Cygni 509[15] ?
V1427 Aquilae 507[10] L/Teff
V384 Puppis 500±100(–850±170)[4] L/Teff
HR Carinae B 500±150[30] AD
DG Cygni 499±140[19] AD
RT Capricorni 490±70[31] AD
R Pegasi 476±122[19] AD
V Cassiopeiae 472±129[19] AD
BS Aurigae 470±110[31] AD
V838 Monocerotis 464[32]–730[33] ? & AD
NSV 24761 467[10] L/Teff
S Pegasi 459±135[19] AD
AD Persei 457.09[7] L/Teff
S Coronae Borealis 457±116[19] AD
IK Tauri (NML Tauri) 451[10] L/Teff
π1 Gruis 447[10] L/Teff
V910 Centauri 440±88[4] L/Teff
AW Aurigae 440±100[31] AD
R Aquarii 438±114[19] AD
U Herculis 431±114[19] AD
3XMM J185210.0+001205 430[24] ?
NR Vulpeculae 426.58[7]–980±196[4] L/Teff
V778 Cassiopeiae 420±84[4] L/Teff
Unurgunite (σ Canis Majoris) 420±84[4] L/Teff
V810 Centauri 420[34] L/Teff
W Aquilae 419[10] L/Teff
T Cassiopeiae 416±108[19] AD
Y Cassiopeiae 413±110[19] AD
V634 Cassiopeiae 410±82[4] L/Teff
V809 Cassiopeiae 410±82[4] L/Teff
R Cassiopeiae 410[10] - 593±181[19] L/Teff & AD
R Aurigae 407±105[19] AD
PR Persei 405±137[29] AD
NX Serpentis 403[10] L/Teff
V Cygni 402[10] L/Teff
U Hydrae 395[10] L/Teff
S Scuti 386[10] L/Teff
V439 Persei 380±76[4] L/Teff
V403 Persei 380±76[4] L/Teff
Westerlund 1 W243 (Westerlund 1 BKS G) 376.9[35] ?
U Orionis 370±96[19] AD
RZ Sagittarii 363[10] L/Teff
BD+59 274 360±72[4] L/Teff
HD 17958 360±72[4] L/Teff
BG Serpentis 354±124[19] AD
R Aquilae 354±99[19] AD
U Persei 352±101[19] AD
V362 Aurigae 351±159[29]–500±100[4] AD & L/Teff
V4650 Sagittarii 350[36] ?
RX Bootis 347[10] L/Teff
V1057 Scorpii 342[15] ?
V466 Cassiopeiae 331.13[7]–380±76[4] L/Teff
R Serpentis 328±86[19] AD
U Antliae 325[10] L/Teff
FZ Persei 323.59[7] L/Teff
Orbit of Mars 322–323.1[1]Template:Efn Reported for reference
V743 Cassiopeiae 322±113[29] AD
FG Vulpeculae 321±129[29] AD
HD 306799 320±64[4] L/Teff
Z Scorpii 320±100[26] AD
5 Lacertae (V412 Lacertae) 319.2+26.6
−32.0[37] 		AD
X Ophiuchi 314±81[19] AD
T Ceti 312[10] L/Teff
GLMP 1048 311[10] L/Teff
Z Pegasi 310±92[19] AD
Y Canum Venaticorum (La Superba) 307[10] L/Teff
Pistol Star (V4647 Sagittarii) 306[36] ?
RT Aquilae 305±79[19] AD
V368 Andromedae 303.12±32.05[38] AD
V550 Persei 301±99[29] AD
R Leonis 299[10] - 409±105[19] AD & L/Teff
R Doradus (P Doradus) 298±21[39] AD
BD+28 697 296.93±41.26[38] AD
S Ursae Minoris 296±82[19] AD
EP Aquarii 291[10] L/Teff
BD+59 372 290±58[4] L/Teff
V438 Ophiuchi 286[10] L/Teff
Rasalgethi (α Herculis) 284±60 (264–303)[40] L/Teff
ο1 Canis Majoris 280±56[4] L/Teff
R Canum Venaticorum 279±75[19] AD
V643 Persei 279[15] ?
41 Geminorum 266±82[29] AD
R Aquilae 259±67[19] AD
HD 9366 254±73[29] AD
V424 Lacertae 239±80[29]–260±52[4] AD & L/Teff
BG Cygni 236±76[19] AD
HD 207119 235±92[29] AD
SW Cephei 234.42[7] L/Teff
V2361 Ophiuchi 234[15] ?
W Hydrae 229[10] L/Teff
Cygnus OB2 #12 229[41] L/Teff
HD 4817 227±73[29] AD
OT Hydrae 222[15] ?
HR Carinae A 220±60[30] AD
Wezen (δ Canis Majoris) 215±66[42] AD Thirty-sixth brightest star in the night sky.[22]
Orbit of Earth (~1 AU) 214[1]Template:Efn Reported for reference
HD 11092 214±56[29] AD
Enif (ε Pegasi) 210.37 – 210.69[43] ?
AE Trianguli 210.18±15.09[38] AD
CY Canum Venaticorum 208.23±13.07[38] AD
MV Delphini 205[15] ?
ZZ Canis Minoris 204.16±23.68[38] AD
Deneb (α Cygni) 203±17[44] ? Eighteenth brightest star in the night sky.[22]
HD 205349 200±40[4] L/Teff
HD 236947 200±84[29] AD
The following stars with sizes below Template:Solar radius are shown for comparison.
Orbit of Venus 158.6[1]Template:Efn Reported for reference
Orbit of Mercury 82.9–84.6[1]Template:Efn Reported for reference
Vega (α Lyrae) 2.726±0.006 × 2.418±0.012[45] Fifth brightest star in the night sky.[22]
Reported for reference
Sun 1 The largest object in the Solar System.
Reported for reference

Other galaxies (within the Local Group)[edit]

List of the largest known stars in other galaxies (within the Local Group)
Star name Solar radii
(Sun = 1) 		Galaxy MethodTemplate:Efn Notes
Sextans A 10 995±130[46] Sextans A L/Teff
Sextans A 5 870±145[46] Sextans A L/Teff
Sextans A 7 710±100[46] Sextans A L/Teff
IC 10 3 685±90[46] IC 10 L/Teff
WLM 14 610±80[46] WLM L/Teff
Sextans B 1 565±70[46] Sextans B L/Teff
IC 1613 2 560±70[46] IC 1613 L/Teff
WLM 12 430±70[46] WLM L/Teff
IC 10 5 420±50[46] IC 10 L/Teff
Sextans B 2 405±90[46] Sextans B L/Teff
WLM 13 380±50[46] WLM L/Teff
Sextans A 6 350±40[46] Sextans A L/Teff
Pegasus 1 340±50[46] Pegasus Dwarf L/Teff
Sextans A 4 335±40[46] Sextans A L/Teff
WLM 11 310±50[46] WLM L/Teff
IC 1613 1 300±40[46] IC 1613 L/Teff
IC 10 2 280±30[46] IC 10 L/Teff
Pegasus 2 260±40[46] Pegasus Dwarf L/Teff
Sextans A 8 260±60[46] Sextans A L/Teff
Sextans A 9 230±50[46] Sextans A L/Teff
IC 10 4 200±25[46] IC 10 L/Teff
IC 10 1 165±60[46] IC 10 L/Teff
IC 10 6 160±25[46] IC 10 L/Teff
Phoenix 3 90±15[46] Phoenix Dwarf L/Teff

Outside the Local Group[edit]

List of the largest known stars in galaxies outside the Local Group
Star name Solar radii
(Sun = 1) 		Galaxy Group MethodTemplate:Efn Notes
NGC 2363-V1 194–356[47] NGC 2363 M81 Group ?

References[edit]

Taken from List of largest stars at Wikipedia, licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0 Unported License. All authors are listed here.

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 "HORIZONS Web-Interface". ssd.jpl.nasa.gov. Retrieved 2021-09-25.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Arroyo-Torres, B.; Wittkowski, M.; Marcaide, J. M.; Hauschildt, P. H. (June 2013). "The atmospheric structure and fundamental parameters of the red supergiants AH Scorpii, UY Scuti, and KW Sagittarii". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 554: A76. arXiv:1305.6179. Bibcode:2013A&A...554A..76A. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201220920. ISSN 0004-6361.
  3. ↑ Wittkowski, M.; Arroyo-Torres, B.; Marcaide, J. M.; Abellan, F. J.; Chiavassa, A.; Guirado, J. C. (January 2017). "VLTI/AMBER spectro-interferometry of the late-type supergiants V766 Cen (=HR 5171 A), σ Oph, BM Sco, and HD 206859". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 597: A9. arXiv:1610.01927. Bibcode:2017A&A...597A...9W. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201629349. ISSN 0004-6361.
  4. ↑ 4.00 4.01 4.02 4.03 4.04 4.05 4.06 4.07 4.08 4.09 4.10 4.11 4.12 4.13 4.14 4.15 4.16 4.17 4.18 4.19 4.20 4.21 4.22 4.23 4.24 4.25 4.26 4.27 4.28 4.29 4.30 4.31 4.32 4.33 4.34 4.35 4.36 4.37 4.38 4.39 4.40 4.41 4.42 4.43 4.44 4.45 4.46 4.47 4.48 4.49 4.50 4.51 4.52 Levesque, Emily M.; Massey, Philip; Olsen, K. A. G.; Plez, Bertrand; Josselin, Eric; Maeder, Andre; Meynet, Georges (August 2005). "The Effective Temperature Scale of Galactic Red Supergiants: Cool, but Not As Cool As We Thought". The Astrophysical Journal. 628: 973–985. arXiv:astro-ph/0504337. Bibcode:2005ApJ...628..973L. doi:10.1086/430901. ISSN 0004-637X.
  5. ↑ Wittkowski, M.; Hauschildt, P. H.; Arroyo-Torres, B.; Marcaide, J. M. (April 2012). "Fundamental properties and atmospheric structure of the red supergiant VY Canis Majoris based on VLTI/AMBER spectro-interferometry". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 540: L12. arXiv:1203.5194. Bibcode:2012A&A...540L..12W. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201219126. ISSN 0004-6361.
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.3 Arévalo, Aura de Las Estrellas Ramírez (July 2018). The Red Supergiants in the Supermassive Stellar Cluster Westerlund 1 (text thesis). University of São Paulo. doi:10.11606/D.14.2019.tde-12092018-161841.
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4 7.5 7.6 7.7 7.8 Josselin, E.; Plez, B. (July 2007). "Atmospheric dynamics and the mass loss process in red supergiant stars". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 469: 671–680. arXiv:0705.0266. Bibcode:2007A&A...469..671J. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20066353. ISSN 0004-6361.
  8. ↑ Turner, David G.; Rohanizadegan, Mina; Berdnikov, Leonid N.; Pastukhova, Elena N. (November 2006). "The Long-Term Behavior of the Semiregular M Supergiant Variable BC Cygni". Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific. 118: 1533–1544. Bibcode:2006PASP..118.1533T. doi:10.1086/508905. ISSN 0004-6280.
  9. ↑ Gvaramadze, V. V.; Menten, K. M.; Kniazev, A. Y.; Langer, N.; Mackey, J.; Kraus, A.; Meyer, D. M. -A.; Kamiński, T. (January 2014). "IRC -10414: a bow-shock-producing red supergiant star". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 437: 843–856. arXiv:1310.2245. Bibcode:2014MNRAS.437..843G. doi:10.1093/mnras/stt1943. ISSN 0035-8711.
  10. ↑ 10.00 10.01 10.02 10.03 10.04 10.05 10.06 10.07 10.08 10.09 10.10 10.11 10.12 10.13 10.14 10.15 10.16 10.17 10.18 10.19 10.20 10.21 10.22 10.23 10.24 10.25 10.26 10.27 10.28 10.29 10.30 10.31 10.32 10.33 10.34 10.35 10.36 10.37 10.38 10.39 10.40 10.41 De Beck, E.; Decin, L.; De Koter, A.; Justtanont, K.; Verhoelst, T.; Kemper, F.; Menten, K. M. (2010). "Probing the mass-loss history of AGB and red supergiant stars from CO rotational line profiles. II. CO line survey of evolved stars: Derivation of mass-loss rate formulae". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 523: A18. arXiv:1008.1083. Bibcode:2010A&A...523A..18D. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/200913771. S2CID 16131273.
  11. ↑ Tsuboi, Masato; Kitamura, Yoshimi; Tsutsumi, Takahiro; Miyawaki, Ryosuke; Miyoshi, Makoto; Miyazaki, Atsushi (April 2020). "Sub-millimeter detection of a Galactic center cool star IRS 7 by ALMA". Publications of the Astronomical Society of Japan. 72: 36. arXiv:2002.01620. Bibcode:2020PASJ...72...36T. doi:10.1093/pasj/psaa013. ISSN 0004-6264.
  12. ↑ Rodríguez-Coira, G.; Gravity Collaboration (July 2021). "The Molecular Layer of GCIRS7". 528: 397. Bibcode:2021ASPC..528..397R. Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 Arroyo-Torres, B.; Wittkowski, M.; Chiavassa, A.; Scholz, M.; Freytag, B.; Marcaide, J. M.; Hauschildt, P. H.; Wood, P. R.; Abellan, F. J. (March 2015). "What causes the large extensions of red supergiant atmospheres?. Comparisons of interferometric observations with 1D hydrostatic, 3D convection, and 1D pulsating model atmospheres". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 575: A50. arXiv:1501.01560. Bibcode:2015A&A...575A..50A. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201425212. ISSN 0004-6361.
  14. ↑ Hagen Bauer, Wendy; Gull, Theodore R.; Bennett, Philip D. (September 2008). "Spatial Extension in the Ultraviolet Spectrum of VV Cephei". The Astronomical Journal. 136: 1312–1324. Bibcode:2008AJ....136.1312H. doi:10.1088/0004-6256/136/3/1312. ISSN 0004-6256.
  15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 15.2 15.3 15.4 15.5 15.6 15.7 Koen, Chris; Laney, Dave (2000). "Rapidly oscillating M giant stars?". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 311 (3): 636. Bibcode:2000MNRAS.311..636K. doi:10.1046/j.1365-8711.2000.03127.x.
  16. ↑ Norris, Ryan P.; Baron, Fabien R.; Monnier, John D.; Paladini, Claudia; Anderson, Matthew D.; Martinez, Arturo O.; Schaefer, Gail H.; Che, Xiao; Chiavassa, Andrea; Connelley, Michael S.; Farrington, Christopher D. (June 2021). "Long Term Evolution of Surface Features on the Red Supergiant AZ Cyg". arXiv:2106.15636. Bibcode:2021arXiv210615636N. Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  17. ↑ Xu, Shuangjing; Zhang, Bo; Reid, Mark J.; Menten, Karl M.; Zheng, Xingwu; Wang, Guangli (May 2018). "The Parallax of the Red Hypergiant VX Sgr with Accurate Tropospheric Delay Calibration". The Astrophysical Journal. 859: 14. arXiv:1804.00894. Bibcode:2018ApJ...859...14X. doi:10.3847/1538-4357/aabba6. ISSN 0004-637X.
  18. ↑ Montargès, M.; Homan, W.; Keller, D.; Clementel, N.; Shetye, S.; Decin, L.; Harper, G. M.; Royer, P.; Winters, J. M.; Le Bertre, T.; Richards, A. M. S. (May 2019). "NOEMA maps the CO J = 2 - 1 environment of the red supergiant μ Cep". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 485: 2417–2430. arXiv:1903.07129. Bibcode:2019MNRAS.485.2417M. doi:10.1093/mnras/stz397. ISSN 0035-8711.
  19. ↑ 19.00 19.01 19.02 19.03 19.04 19.05 19.06 19.07 19.08 19.09 19.10 19.11 19.12 19.13 19.14 19.15 19.16 19.17 19.18 19.19 19.20 19.21 19.22 19.23 19.24 19.25 19.26 19.27 19.28 19.29 19.30 19.31 19.32 19.33 19.34 19.35 Van Belle, G. T.; Thompson, R. R.; Creech-Eakman, M. J. (2002). "Angular Size Measurements of Mira Variable Stars at 2.2 Microns. II". The Astronomical Journal. 124 (3): 1706–1715. arXiv:astro-ph/0210167. Bibcode:2002AJ....124.1706V. doi:10.1086/342282. S2CID 33832649.
  20. ↑ 20.0 20.1 Baron, F.; Monnier, J. D.; Kiss, L. L.; Neilson, H. R.; Zhao, M.; Anderson, M.; Aarnio, A.; Pedretti, E.; Thureau, N.; ten Brummelaar, T. A.; Ridgway, S. T. (April 2014). "CHARA/MIRC Observations of Two M Supergiants in Perseus OB1: Temperature, Bayesian Modeling, and Compressed Sensing Imaging". The Astrophysical Journal. 785: 46. arXiv:1405.4032. Bibcode:2014ApJ...785...46B. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/785/1/46. ISSN 0004-637X.
  21. ↑ Joyce, Meridith; Leung, Shing-Chi; Molnár, László; Ireland, Michael; Kobayashi, Chiaki; Nomoto, Ken'ichi (October 2020). "Standing on the Shoulders of Giants: New Mass and Distance Estimates for Betelgeuse through Combined Evolutionary, Asteroseismic, and Hydrodynamic Simulations with MESA". The Astrophysical Journal. 902: 63. arXiv:2006.09837. Bibcode:2020ApJ...902...63J. doi:10.3847/1538-4357/abb8db. ISSN 0004-637X.
  22. ↑ 22.0 22.1 22.2 22.3 22.4 Hoffleit, D.; Warren, W. H., Jr. (November 1995). "VizieR Online Data Catalog: Bright Star Catalogue, 5th Revised Ed. (Hoffleit+, 1991)". VizieR Online Data Catalog: V/50. Bibcode:1995yCat.5050....0H.
  23. ↑ Ohnaka, K.; Hofmann, K. -H.; Schertl, D.; Weigelt, G.; Baffa, C.; Chelli, A.; Petrov, R.; Robbe-Dubois, S. (July 2013). "High spectral resolution imaging of the dynamical atmosphere of the red supergiant Antares in the CO first overtone lines with VLTI/AMBER". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 555: A24. arXiv:1304.4800. Bibcode:2013A&A...555A..24O. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201321063. ISSN 0004-6361.
  24. ↑ 24.0 24.1 Nebot Gómez-Morán, A.; Motch, C.; Pineau, F. -X.; Carrera, F. J.; Pakull, M. W.; Riddick, F. (September 2015). "Infrared identification of hard X-ray sources in the Galaxy". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 452: 884–901. arXiv:1506.03083. Bibcode:2015MNRAS.452..884N. doi:10.1093/mnras/stv1020. ISSN 0035-8711.
  25. ↑ Wasatonic, Richard P.; Guinan, Edward F.; Durbin, Allyn J. (October 2015). "V-Band, Near-IR, and TiO Photometry of the Semi-Regular Red Supergiant TV Geminorum: Long-Term Quasi-Periodic Changes in Temperature, Radius, and Luminosity". Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific. 127: 1010. Bibcode:2015PASP..127.1010W. doi:10.1086/683261. ISSN 0004-6280.
  26. ↑ 26.0 26.1 Mondal, Soumen; Chandrasekhar, T. (August 2005). "Angular Diameter Measurements of Evolved Variables by Lunar Occultations at 2.2 and 3.8 Microns". The Astronomical Journal. 130: 842–852. arXiv:astro-ph/0504326. Bibcode:2005AJ....130..842M. doi:10.1086/430457. ISSN 0004-6256.
  27. ↑ Montargès, M.; Norris, R.; Chiavassa, A.; Tessore, B.; Lèbre, A.; Baron, F. (June 2018). "The convective photosphere of the red supergiant CE Tauri. I. VLTI/PIONIER H-band interferometric imaging". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 614: A12. arXiv:1802.06086. Bibcode:2018A&A...614A..12M. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201731471. ISSN 0004-6361.
  28. ↑ Hinkle, Kenneth H.; Lebzelter, Thomas; Fekel, Francis C.; Straniero, Oscar; Joyce, Richard R.; Prato, Lisa; Karnath, Nicole; Habel, Nolan (December 2020). "The M Supergiant High-mass X-Ray Binary 4U 1954+31". The Astrophysical Journal. 904: 143. arXiv:2010.01081. Bibcode:2020ApJ...904..143H. doi:10.3847/1538-4357/abbe01. ISSN 0004-637X.
  29. ↑ 29.00 29.01 29.02 29.03 29.04 29.05 29.06 29.07 29.08 29.09 29.10 29.11 29.12 van Belle, G. T.; Creech-Eakman, M. J.; Hart, A. (April 2009). "Supergiant temperatures and linear radii from near-infrared interferometry". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 394: 1925–1935. arXiv:0811.4239. Bibcode:2009MNRAS.394.1925V. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2008.14146.x. ISSN 0035-8711.
  30. ↑ 30.0 30.1 Boffin, Henri M. J.; Rivinius, Thomas; Mérand, Antoine; Mehner, Andrea; LeBouquin, Jean-Baptiste; Pourbaix, Dimitri; de Wit, Willem-Jan; Martayan, Christophe; Guieu, Sylvain (September 2016). "The luminous blue variable HR Carinae has a partner. Discovery of a companion with the VLTI". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 593: A90. arXiv:1607.07724. Bibcode:2016A&A...593A..90B. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201629127. ISSN 0004-6361.
  31. ↑ 31.0 31.1 31.2 Baug, Tapas; Chandrasekhar, T. (January 2012). "Near-infrared angular diameters of a few asymptotic giant branch variables by lunar occultations". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 419: 866–872. arXiv:1109.0388. Bibcode:2012MNRAS.419..866B. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2011.19750.x. ISSN 0035-8711.
  32. ↑ Kamiński, Tomek; Tylenda, Romuald; Kiljan, Aleksandra; Schmidt, Mirek; Lisiecki, Krzysztof; Melis, Carl; Frankowski, Adam; Joshi, Vishal; Menten, Karl M. (June 2021). "V838 Monocerotis as seen by ALMA: a remnant of a binary merger in a triple system". arXiv:2106.07427. Bibcode:2021arXiv210607427K. Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  33. ↑ Ortiz-León, Gisela N.; Menten, Karl M.; Kamiński, Tomasz; Brunthaler, Andreas; Reid, Mark J.; Tylenda, Romuald (June 2020). "SiO maser astrometry of the red transient V838 Monocerotis". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 638: A17. arXiv:2004.01488. Bibcode:2020A&A...638A..17O. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202037712. ISSN 0004-6361.
  34. ↑ Kienzle, F.; Burki, G.; Burnet, M.; Meynet, G. (September 1998). "The pulsating yellow supergiant V810 Centauri". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 337: 779–789. arXiv:astro-ph/9807088. Bibcode:1998A&A...337..779K. ISSN 0004-6361.
  35. ↑ Ritchie, B. W.; Clark, J. S.; Negueruela, I.; Najarro, F. (December 2009). "Spectroscopic monitoring of the luminous blue variable Westerlund1-243 from 2002 to 2009". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 507: 1597–1611. arXiv:0910.0529. Bibcode:2009A&A...507.1597R. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/200912986. ISSN 0004-6361.
  36. ↑ 36.0 36.1 Najarro, Francisco; Figer, Don F.; Hillier, D. John; Geballe, T. R.; Kudritzki, Rolf P. (February 2009). "Metallicity in the Galactic Center: The Quintuplet Cluster". The Astrophysical Journal. 691: 1816–1827. arXiv:0809.3185. Bibcode:2009ApJ...691.1816N. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/691/2/1816. ISSN 0004-637X.
  37. ↑ Baines, Ellyn K.; Armstrong, J. Thomas; Schmitt, Henrique R.; Zavala, R. T.; Benson, James A.; Hutter, Donald J.; Tycner, Christopher; van Belle, Gerard T. (January 2018). "Fundamental Parameters of 87 Stars from the Navy Precision Optical Interferometer". The Astronomical Journal. 155: 30. arXiv:1712.08109. Bibcode:2018AJ....155...30B. doi:10.3847/1538-3881/aa9d8b. ISSN 0004-6256.
  38. ↑ 38.0 38.1 38.2 38.3 38.4 van Belle, Gerard T.; von Braun, Kaspar; Ciardi, David R.; Pilyavsky, Genady; Buckingham, Ryan S.; Boden, Andrew F.; Clark, Catherine A.; Hartman, Zachary; van Belle, Gerald; Bucknew, William; Cole, Gary (July 2021). "Direct Measurements of Giant Star Effective Temperatures and Linear Radii: Calibration Against Spectral Types and V-K Color". arXiv:2107.09205. Bibcode:2021arXiv210709205V. Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  39. ↑ Ohnaka, Keiichi; Weigelt, Gerd; Hofmann, Karl-Heinz (September 2019). "Infrared Interferometric Three-dimensional Diagnosis of the Atmospheric Dynamics of the AGB Star R Dor with VLTI/AMBER". The Astrophysical Journal. 883: 89. arXiv:1908.06997. Bibcode:2019ApJ...883...89O. doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ab3d2a. ISSN 0004-637X.
  40. ↑ Moravveji, Ehsan; Guinan, Edward F.; Khosroshahi, Habib; Wasatonic, Rick (December 2013). "The Age and Mass of the α Herculis Triple-star System from a MESA Grid of Rotating Stars with 1.3". The Astronomical Journal. 146: 148. arXiv:1308.1632. Bibcode:2013AJ....146..148M. doi:10.1088/0004-6256/146/6/148. ISSN 0004-6256.
  41. ↑ Oskinova, L. M.; Huenemoerder, D. P.; Hamann, W. -R.; Shenar, T.; Sander, A. A. C.; Ignace, R.; Todt, H.; Hainich, R. (August 2017). "On the Binary Nature of Massive Blue Hypergiants: High-resolution X-Ray Spectroscopy Suggests That Cyg OB2 12 is a Colliding Wind Binary". The Astrophysical Journal. 845: 39. arXiv:1707.04473. Bibcode:2017ApJ...845...39O. doi:10.3847/1538-4357/aa7e79. ISSN 0004-637X.
  42. ↑ Davis, J.; Booth, A. J.; Ireland, M. J.; Jacob, A. P.; North, J. R.; Owens, S. M.; Robertson, J. G.; Tango, W. J.; Tuthill, P. G. (October 2007). "The Emergent Flux and Effective Temperature of δ Canis Majoris". Publications of the Astronomical Society of Australia. 24: 151–158. arXiv:0709.3873. Bibcode:2007PASA...24..151D. doi:10.1071/AS07017. ISSN 1323-3580.
  43. ↑ Stock, S.; Reffert, S.; Quirrenbach, A. (May 2018). "VizieR Online Data Catalog: Stellar parameters of 372 giant stars (Stock+, 2018)". VizieR On-line Data Catalog. 361 (33): 600. Bibcode:2018yCat..36160033S.
  44. ↑ Schiller, F.; Przybilla, N. (March 2008). "Quantitative spectroscopy of Deneb". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 479: 849–858. arXiv:0712.0040. Bibcode:2008A&A...479..849S. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20078590. ISSN 0004-6361.
  45. ↑ Monnier, J. D.; Che, Xiao; Zhao, Ming; Ekström, S.; Maestro, V.; Aufdenberg, Jason; Baron, F.; Georgy, C.; Kraus, S.; McAlister, H.; Pedretti, E. (December 2012). "Resolving Vega and the Inclination Controversy with CHARA/MIRC". The Astrophysical Journal. 761: L3. arXiv:1211.6055. Bibcode:2012ApJ...761L...3M. doi:10.1088/2041-8205/761/1/L3. ISSN 0004-637X.
  46. ↑ 46.00 46.01 46.02 46.03 46.04 46.05 46.06 46.07 46.08 46.09 46.10 46.11 46.12 46.13 46.14 46.15 46.16 46.17 46.18 46.19 46.20 46.21 46.22 46.23 Britavskiy, N. E.; Bonanos, A. Z.; Herrero, A.; Cerviño, M.; García-Álvarez, D.; Boyer, M. L.; Masseron, T.; Mehner, A.; McQuinn, K. B. W. (November 2019). "Physical parameters of red supergiants in dwarf irregular galaxies in the Local Group". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 631: A95. arXiv:1909.13378. Bibcode:2019A&A...631A..95B. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201935212. ISSN 0004-6361.
  47. ↑ Petit, V.; Drissen, L.; Crowther, P. A. (September 2005). "Quantitative analysis of STIS spectra of NGC 2363-V1". 332: 159. Bibcode:2005ASPC..332..157P. Cite journal requires |journal= (help)

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